Cultura spanacului
Producerea spanacului în aceste sisteme se realizeazã în douã etape: producerea rãsadurilor şi creşterea acestora în sistemul hidroponic.
Producerea rãsadurilor
Producerea rãsadului se realizeazã în sere înmulţitor sau o zonã din serã amenajatã special pentru a permite asigurarea parametrilor de microclimã necesari germinãrii şi formãrii rãsadului.
Deoarece seminţele de spanac sunt tratate cu inhibitori iar germinarea lor se produce neuniform, înainte de însãmânţare se va efectua îndepãrtarea inhibitorilor. Aceastã operaţie constã în imersarea seminţelor într-o soluţie de hipoclorit de sodiu de 1% timp de cca. 10 min., pentru aseptizare, urmatã de imersarea în polietilenglicol timp de 72 h, spãlarea cu hipoclorit de sodiu şi, în final, zvântarea lor în curent de aer cald timp de cca. 5h. Dupã fiecare dintre aceste etape, seminţele se spalã cu apã distilatã.
Insãmânţarea se face în cuburi sau discuri de rockwool (vatã mineralã), prevãzute cu orificii având diametrul de cca. 4 mm pentru rãdãcinã, amplasate în tãvi acoperite cu folie de pvc pentru a menţine umiditatea. In primele 24 de ore cuburile sunt irigate cu apã distilatã şi menţinute la întuneric. Dupã aceastã perioadã, nivelul de iluminare se va menţine la 250 micromol m-2s-1 , cu o fotoperiodicitate de 12 h, iar temperatura se va menţine la 20 o C.
Dupã trecerea celor 24 de ore, cuburile sunt irigate cu o soluţie fertilizantã din comerţ (pH 5.8-6.1 and EC 1,2 mS/cm) care conţine, în general, 150 ppm N, 54 ppm P, 250 ppm K, 134 ppm Ca, 2.5 ppm K, 33 ppm Mg şi urme de alte elemente, în diluţie de 50%, iar pH-ul se ajusteazã cu acid fosforic. Temperatura aerului se mãreşte la 25 0C ziua şi 200C, noaptea, iluminarea se regleazã la 250 micromol m-2s-1, cu o fotoperiodicitate de 12 h. Aceste valori ale parametrilor de mediu se menţin pe toatã perioada de germinare (8 zile).
In ziua a doua, se îndepãrteazã folia de plastic protectoare. In a treia şi a patra zi se îndepãrteazã dublurile seminţelor germinate din cuburi şi se determinã procentul de germinare. In a 7-a zi, când majoritatea rãsadurilor prezintã frunze de 0,5 – 1,0 cm, se efectueazã îndepãrtarea rãsadurilor necorespunzãtoare (cca.20-30%). In a 8-a zi se trece la plantarea lor în sistemul de culturã pe efluenţi racordat la bazinele de acvaculturã.
Rãsadurile se planteazã cu o densitate de cca. 74 plante/m2.
Cuburile sau discurile de rockwool cu rãsad se introduc în gãurile practicate în plãcile din polistiren care plutesc pe stratul de efluent din canalele de culturã în sistem flotant sau, dupã caz, în canalele cu film de efluent. Dacã se folosesc plãci întregi de dimensiuni 1000 x 1000 mm sau 1000 x 500 mm, gãurile sunt dispuse la distanţa necesarã dezvoltãrii normale a plantelor astfel încât sã nu fie necesarã rãrirea ulterioarã. Parametrii de mediu se vor menţine pe toatã perioada de creştere la urmãtoarele valori: temperatura 25o C, ziua şi 20o C, noaptea, pH-ul 5,8, EC 1,2 milliSiemens/cm, oxigenul dizolvat min. 4mg/l, iluminarea acumulatã 17 mol m-2d-1 , umiditatea relativã 30 – 70%. Din a 16-a zi pânã aproximativ în a 30-a zi ritmul de creştere este rapid.
Recoltarea şi stocarea
Dacã au fost îndeplinite cerinţele tehnologice, dupã aproximativ 30 de zile de la însãmânţare se poate începe recoltarea spanacului. Plantele recoltate pot fi ambalate imediat şi trimise spre comercializare sau depozitate temporar în spaţii frigorifice în vederea ambalãrii şi comercializãrii ulterioare.
Cultura busuiocului
Busuiocul, Ocimum basilicum, supranumit “regele ierburilor” în Grecia anticã (basileus = rege), este specia aromaticã cel mai des cultivatã în sistemele acvaculturã – horticultura hidroponicã pe efluenţi, datoritã creşterii rapide, a densitãţii mari de plantare, rezistenţei la modificarea condiţiilor de mediu şi a utilizãrii sale în reţete culinare şi pentru extracţia uleiurilor volatile (eugenol, camfor, citral, ş.a.) folosite în industriile alimentarã, farmaceuticã şi cosmeticã.
Busuiocul se poate cultiva prin însãmânţare direct pe mediile de culturã de tip granular sau cuburi de vatã mineralã unde se va dezvolta pânã la recoltare sau prin rãsaduri obţinute în sere înmulţitor.
Producerea rãsadurilor
Insãmânţarea se face în cuburi sau discuri de rockwool (vatã mineralã), la fel ca la salatã şi spanac. Germinarea se produce în 4 – 7 zile la o temperaturã de 210C. Dupã aproximativ 2 sãptãmâni, rãsadurile pot fi plantate în sistemul de culturã flotantã, pe film de fluid sau pe mediu granular unde se vor dezvolta pânã la recoltare. Distanţa de plantare este de aproximativ 20 cm (aproximativ 24 plante/m2). Busuiocul se rezistã bine la variaţii mari ale parametrilor de mediu: pH-ul 5,1 – 8,5, temperatura 15 -240C, umiditatea relativã 30 – 70%, EC 0,5 – 1,2 milliSiemens/cm, oxigenul dizolvat min. 4mg/l, iluminarea acumulatã 10 – 17 mol m-2d-1.
Recoltarea
Dacã au fost respectate toate cerinţele tehnologice, dupã 4 – 5 sãptãmâni, busuiocul poate fi recoltat. Recoltarea busuiocului se face fie prin recoltarea câtorva frunze de pe fiecare plantã, fie prin recoltarea întregii plante. Frunzele se recolteazã cu codiţã. Recoltarea frunzelor de pe plantele ajunse la maturitate se face la intervale de 1 – 2 sãptãmâni, timp de 2 – 3 luni.
Recoltarea întregii plante este mult mai avantajoasã pentru cã prezenţa rãdãcinilor permite menţinerea plantei proaspãtã timp mai îndelungat şi se realizeazã cu mai puţinã manoperã.
Articol publicat în revista Ferma nr. 10 (65) – octombrie 2008, autor Cristian Anton BULBUC
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